Globally, natural landscapes are undergoing drastic changes due to anthropogenic pressures, which include habitat loss and fragmentation [1,2]. Neglecting ecological processes in urban land use decisions can lead to the degradation of the integrity and diversity of landscape structures, the deterioration of ecosystem functions in natural areas and urban green spaces, and fragmentation or even destruction of habitats [3,4,5]. The long-term effect of increased landscape fragmentation is the decline in biodiversity, ecosystem resilience and ecosystem services [6,7]. As a result, the quality of urban life and sustainability of cities decline.

Europe, as a territorial dimension, is characterized by a fragmented natural landscape, intersected with high human population densities.